The Tinker Case Of 1969 Expanded Students 1st Amendment...

The Tinker case of 1969 expanded students’ 1st Amendment rights in school and established the Tinker Test for future cases, whereas, if there was not a disturbance, and others were let alone, students First Amendment rights were intact. LaMorte (2012) notes â€Å"It can hardly be argued that either students or teachers shed their constitutional rights to freedom of speech or expression at the schoolhouse gate,† (p. 87). Freedom to express societal, political, and/or economic issues even if they are unpopular, are permitted in school as long as work is not disrupted and there are no threats of violence. Tinker’s right to wear an armband protesting the Vietnam War, a controversial societal issue, was upheld and begin the trend toward promoting students’ 1st Amendment rights in schools. Unlike the Tinker case, where the student dealt with public policy, the Fraser case (1986) dealt with vulgar speech at school that did not meet educational values, hence, the court ruled in favor of the school to prohibit such disrespectful behavior and to limit 1st Amendment rights of students. However, the court noted that if Fraser gave that speech outside of school, he would be protected. Even though initially the State Supreme Court ruled that Fraser’s 1st Amendment rights were violated, the US Supreme Court overturned that decision because the court felt there should be some limitations to students’ free speech at school and they do not hold the same liberties as adults. Moreover, this rulingShow MoreRelatedHow the Earl Warren Court Liberalized America Essay842 Words   |  4 Pagesbetween 1953 and 1969, when Earl Warren served as Chief Justice. Warren led a liberal majority that used judicial power in dramatic fashion, to the consternation of conservative oppone nts. The Warren Court expanded civil rights, civil liberties, judicial power, and the federal power in dramatic ways. One way the Warren Court liberalized America, is through the court cases of Gideon v. Wainwright (1963), Escobedo v. Illinois (1964), and Miranda v. Arizona (1966), where these court cases helped defineRead MoreContemporary Issues in Management Accounting211377 Words   |  846 PagesYork ß Oxford University Press 2006 The moral rights of the author have been asserted Database right Oxford University Press (maker) First published 2006 All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means, without the prior permission in writing of Oxford University Press, or as expressly permitted by law, or under terms agreed with the appropriate reprographics rights organization. Enquiries concerning reproductionRead MoreLibrary Management204752 Words   |  820 PagesStates. 2. Information services— United States—Management. I. Moran, Barbara B. II. Title. Z678.S799 2007 025.1—dc22 2007007922 British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data is available. Copyright  © 2007 by Robert D. Stueart and Barbara B. Moran All rights reserved. No portion of this book may be reproduced, by any process or technique, without the express written consent of the publisher. Library of Congress Catalog Card Number: 2007007922 ISBN: 978–1–59158–408–7 978–1–59158–406–3 (pbk.) First published

Marie Antoinette A Young Age - 1553 Words

Outline Title: Marie Antoinette Thesis: Marie Antoinette may have been queen at a young age, but it was certainly short lived. As a social, outgoing, and energetic young woman, she was completely different from her shy, inconsistent, pre-chosen husband. She spent an irrational amount of money that lead to her reputation’s ultimate downfall. As time went on the king and queen were captured and when they tried to escape, they would just be captured again. King Louis’ indecisiveness and Marie’s recklessness ultimately caused them their lives. I. Introduction (1st and 2nd slides) a. Thesis: Marie Antoinette may have been queen at a young age, but it was certainly short lived. As a social, outgoing, and energetic young woman, she was completely different from her shy, inconsistent, pre-chosen husband. She spent an irrational amount of money that lead to her reputation’s ultimate downfall. As time went on the king and queen were captured and when they tried to escape, they would just be captured again. King Louis’ indecisiveness and Marie’s recklessness ultimately caused them their lives. b. Marie Antoinette was married at the age of 15 and became queen at the age of 19. She loved spending money on pointless things even though France was suffering from bad harvests and high taxes. The people grew to despise her and said terrible things about her. They blamed her for everything even though it wasn’t her fault and in the peoples rage, they started the French Revolution. After that,Show MoreRelatedEssay on Marie-Antoinette1384 Words   |  6 PagesMaria Antonia Josepha Joanna, later known as Marie-Antoinette, was born on 02 November 1755. At 13 years of age, Marie was sent to France to begin her relationship with the Dauphin of France, Louis XVI. In 1770, at the age of 15, she and the Louis XVI were married in Vienna, then taking the throne in 1774. Marie-Antoinette was a young, beautiful, elegant, and graceful queen whose fashion influenced the women of France. She was very proud of where she originated, Hapsburg, and she was very proudRead MoreMarie Antoine tte : Negative Aspects Of The French Monarchy965 Words   |  4 PagesMarie Antoinette embodied the negative aspects of the French monarchy because from the start of her reign she was a traitor. She had Austria’s interests at heart by putting the country she ruled last and putting others first even if it coincided with the those of France, the country she supposedly ruled. She was born princess of Austria, Maria Antonia Josepha Joanna to her mother, Maria Theresa, empress of Austria, and father, Holy Roman Emperor Francis I, both head of the Hapsburg dynasty. InRead MoreThe Journey, By Antonia Fraser1651 Words   |  7 PagesMarie Antoinette: The Journey, is an insightful biography written by Antonia Fraser. Antonia Fraser, writer of the best-selling book, Faith and Treason: The Story of the Gunpowder Plot, had done extensive research to help bring the life of Marie Antoinette into the light. Fraser has a unique dedication to Queens, as she has written not only about the Queen of France but also of Mary, Queen of Scots. Fraser starts the biography off with the birth of Marie Antoinette. Fraser is very kind towards theRead MoreThe Innocence of Marie Antoinette1219 Words   |  5 Pageswithout a thought for her subjects’ plight. Such is the distorted but widespread view of Marie-Antoinette, Queen of France (1755-1793), wife of King Louis XVI. In recent years the Coppola film has further damaged the image of the much-maligned, beautiful and charming Austrian archduchess, sent to France at age fourteen to marry the fifteen-year-old Dauphin. Sadly, the picture many people now have of Marie-Antoinette is of her running through Versailles with a glass of champagne in her hand, eating bonbonsRead MoreLouise Elisabeth Vigee-Lebrun1740 Words   |  7 PagesAcademy Salon, her capacity for painting portraits was widely appreciated aside from one that shocked the French people, the Marie Antoinette â€Å"en gaulle†. In the Marie Antoinette â€Å"en gaulle†, the young woman’s hair is adorned with an extravagant wide plumed hat and her fingers are delicately constructed around a rose bouquet. Vigà ©e-Lebrun’s portrait depicts Marie Antoinette in a loose muslin dress that the public assumed she wore to bed at night. Despite Vigà ©e-Lebrun’s widely growing fame and fortuneRead MoreMarie Antoinette: Research Paper1654 Words   |  7 Pages Marie Antoinette Let them eat cake is probably one of the most recited quotes around the world, which is known to be spoken by the last Queen of France, Marie Antoinette. Although often reffered to as The Party Queen or in other words, the Queen who danced while her people starved. But what many fail to recognize is the fact that Marie Antoinette was the Queen who cared for her people. The only thinkRead MoreMarie Antoinette s Influence On France2025 Words   |  9 PagesMarie Antoinette Part I: Introduction Marie Antoinette was the queen of France and could be seen as a controversial figure. She grew up in Austria and later moved to France, causing an outrage since she was an outsider.. Many events were blamed on her which had a huge impact on France. Many opposed her due to her poor leadership skills and lack of interest in the people. Marie Antoinette, along with her husband Louis XVI, came into power at a difficult time. France was in debt and revolutions wereRead MoreMarie Antoinette The Journey By Antonia Fraser1957 Words   |  8 Pages From the beginning, Marie Antoinette s time in France was tainted. Her failures were great, and her verdict was deadly betrayal. Marie Antoinette The Journey, written by Antonia Fraser sheds light on Marie Antoinette’s failures and achievements throughout her short existence. As Antonia Fraser presses deeper into the life of the ill-fated Queen, she reveals the innermost personality of Marie Antoinette s sincere intentions surrounding her life as a lonely queen, neglected wife, and lovingRead MoreEssay on Marie Antoinette: Praised Princess to Condemned Queen1898 Words   |  8 Pagesâ€Æ' Marie Antoinette was an Austrian princess born in Vienne, Austria. Her birth name was Maria Antonia Josepha Johanna, but many just called her Marie Antoinette. Her mother, Maria Therese, was the head of state. Maria Therese had all the power and for that reason was a little firm with her children. Her husband, Marie’s father, Francis I was just a figure with not much else. His position is much like the first lady they have in the United States. Marie was the fifteenth child of Maria and FrancisRead MoreMarie Antoinette: Letter to Her Mother 17732179 Words   |  9 Pages Document Title: Marie Antoinette: Letter to Her Mother 1773 Author: Marie Antoinette Date Written: September 10, 2012 Location: Paris 1.  Ã‚     How would you describe what this document is?  Ã‚   What was its purpose?   What function did it serve? Marie Antoinette, as a letter, wrote this piece of literature to her mother. It was written in 1773, and since Marie was born in 1755, this would make her the age of 18, or the prime of her youth. The letter shows the excitement of a young queen-to-be showing

Marketing Fundamentals Business Enhancement

Question: Discuss about the Marketing Fundamentals of Business Enhancement. Answer: Three marketing objectives: Product launching is one of the major factors for the business enhancement in the global industry. In recent years, new product launching indicates an expensive process for the organization, as the particular company needs to spend a huge amount of money to enhance its promotional activity in the global market. In this context, the organization will focus on launching G-RO carryon luggage in the market (G-RO, 2016). The organization has set three marketing objectives as follows: To create an initial product awareness program in the large marketplace in Australia To enhance the sales volume of the product in the Australian market within 6months timeframe To increase the brand popularity in the large demographic marketplace within 6 months timeline Specific The specific objective of the company is to enhance the sales volume of the particular product Measurable The sales volume can be measured through conducting several market analyses on the particular product. Moreover, the financial data provides knowledge on the growth of the sales volume Achievable The sales volume for the particular product can be enhanced through several promotional activities including social media promotion, printing media, and digital media promotion. Relevant With the involvement of enhancing the sales volume, the organization will be able to accumulate a huge amount of revenue from the market. Time The timeframe will be 6months. Market segmentation, targeted customers, and intended positioning: Market segmentation: Market segmentation indicates the process of dividing the large market into several sections. Market segmentation can be categorized based on age, lifestyle, and social culture. In this context, G-RO has been targeting the young and middle age people in Australia who have adequate interest about tours and travels (Aghdaie, Zolfani Zavadskas, 2013). G-RO has initiated the promotional activity through segmenting Australian market in an effective manner. On the other hand, the lifestyle of people indicates the business opportunities for the organization. G-RO has been initiating to launch luggage bags in the large marketplace in Australia. Hence, the higher management of the organization focuses on the different market segmentation to enhance the business opportunities in the Australian market. Although the tourist activates in Australia have been growing in an effective manner, G-RO targets several other factors for increasing the sales volume of the product (Cross, Belich Rudelius, 2015). Targeting: Target marketing is another important factor for the growth of the business in the large demographic areas in Australia. G-RO targets youth, middle age men, and women, office goers travel lover people in the Australian society. The prime target of the company is to engage the travel lover people in the business, as the company plans to launch travel bags in the Australian market. At the initial stage, the organization focuses on improving its domestic market by targeting the particular group of people in the society (Numan Willekens, 2012). On the other hand, G-RO targets office goers, as they often relocate for a job. With the involvement of targeting the particular group of people, G-RO will be able to enhance its sales volume in the Australian market. By targeting youth and middle age people, G-RO can easily enhance the business opportunity in the Australian market. Although the Australian community loves traveling, G-RO has also targeted the office goers for enhancing the produc t awareness in the domestic market (Stark, 2015). Positioning: G-RO will focus on the positioning of the marketing for enhancing the product awareness process in the Australian market. Market positioning will be based on some factors. G-RO focuses on the pricing model of the products, and the company declares that the travel bags will be easily accessible (Shan Jolly, 2013). In a recent business report, it has been published that G-RO produces the lightweight travel bags for customers. Initially, G-RO will target the domestic market for enhancing the product positioning (Slack, 2015). Later on, the organization will make footstep in the international platform with the same range of products. Hence, it can be assessed that the market positioning is one of the major aspects of the business enhancement in the both domestic and international market. Figure 1: Market segmentation, Targeting and Positioning (Source: Pries et al., 2016) Product and Pricing Strategy: Product strategy: Product strategy indicates an important factor for the enhancement of the business in the Australian market. G-RO introduces the worlds first carry-on companion bag, specially designed for the modern travelers. G-ROs ergonomic design features make the bag lighter in weight. Moreover, the bag has been designed for long lasting uses (Pries et al., 2016). G-RO carry on luggage aims to engage a huge number of people in the society. The organization focuses on tackling issues of affordability, durability, exterior, and interior volume. Moreover, G-RO tries to attract a huge number of customers by its innovative design concepts and engineering. It features the large diameter axle-less wheels that enable customers to wheel the luggage over the tough surface including cobblestone, snow, city sidewalks and street curbs. With the innovative product design, G-RO tries to enhance its customers base in the Australian market (Teck Weng Cyril de Run, 2013). On the other hand, the bags enable custo mers to access it in an easy manner due to its lightweight. The product design department has designed the bag in such way where it distributes masses equally. Consequently, customers easily obtain the hassle free pulling experiences. The particular product designing features make it different from other luggage brands available in the Australian market. In recent years, G-RO has been enhancing its brand popularity in the international market through its attractive product design (Stark, 2015). Pricing strategy: G-RO primarily focuses on the product quality and tries to expand the market in a short timeframe. Although the company has focused on providing enhanced product quality, the sales management team has decided to implement smarter pricing model in the business to engage huge customers base. The sales team of the company has initiated to expand its sells in the Australian market. G-RO has decided to fix the pricing of $500 AUD for each unit (Numan Willekens, 2012). The higher management team of the organization believes that this particular pricing model will facilitate them in engaging both the middle class and higher-middle class people in the society. The competitive pricing of the product facilitates the company to enhance the sales volume in the business in an effective manner. To gain the competitive advantages, G-RO has segmented the market in a different section (Shan Jolly, 2013). Moreover, the sales management team has been trying to implement pricing models that depend on the different societies in Australia. Placement and promotion strategy: Placement strategy: G-RO targets the largest geographical areas in Australia for enhancing the business in an effective manner. Initially, the organization has engaged the retail store, online shop, and social media for the enhancement of the product promotion in an effective manner. The sales management team of G-RO has stated that they have been trying to increase the sales chain in the domestic market to expand the business in an effective manner (Numan Willekens, 2012). Primarily, the organization has targeted online portals and social media for enhancing the promotional activities in the Australian market. In recent years, social media is one of the strongest media for advertising products in the large marketplace (Cross, Belich Rudelius, 2015). In this context, the organization needs to consider several factors for placing the product in the domestic market. These factors include customers requirements, cost-effective method for enhancing promotion, providing enhanced customers services, the tot al number of customers, competitors analysis, proper delivery of products, and stock controlling (Shan Jolly, 2013). Moreover, G-RO considers the transportation system for developing the product delivery services in an effective manner. Promotion strategy: Promotion strategy is one of the major factors for improving the business opportunity in the global market. With the engagement of innovative promotional approach, G-RO has already increased its business opportunity in the global market. There is a wide range of promotional platforms where the organization could advertise their newly launched product in an efficient manner (Numan Willekens, 2012). Nowadays, social media is the most cost-effective method of advertising products in the large demographic areas. Consequently, G-RO has been focusing on various social media platforms including face book, twitter for advertising carry-on luggage in the Australian marketplace. On the other hand, G-RO has included all product related information on their official websites so that their customers could easily obtain product knowledge in an appropriate manner (Numan Willekens, 2012). Moreover, G-RO engages the printing medium and digital medium for advertising the newly launched products in A ustralia. most businesses employ a mix of advertising, internet and online marketing, personal selling, direct marketing, sales promotion, public relations, and sponsorship (Shan Jolly, 2013). The sales management team of the company has declared that they are focusing on the social media activity, as it is the most cost effective method for the business. On the other hand, the social media platform is an appropriate medium for launching a new product in the large domestic area in Australia. Moreover, the organization has been trying to focus on the mobile marketing, as it is the easiest method of expanding business in the large marketplace (Stark, 2015). Action programs: The three major elements of the action program include Specific Tasks, Time Horizon, and Resource Allocation. With the engagement of including these three major steps, G-RO will be able to execute the new product launching activity in an appropriate manner. Specific tasks: The primary objective of the organization is to enhance the sales volume in the business in the Australian market. G-RO focuses on enhancing the sales volume of the particular product within 6months timeframe, as it will facilitate the organization to increase its brand popularity in an efficient manner. The marketing strategy will include several innovative steps for increasing the advertising activities in the Australian market. Time horizon: G-RO has targeted to launch a new product in the Australian market, and the company has initiated its planning for executing the process within six months timeframe. The following Gantt chart indicates the series of activities, which will be conducted within 6 months timeline. Activities to New product launch 0-4 Weeks 4-8 Weeks 8-12 Weeks 12-16 Weeks 16-20 Weeks 20-24 Weeks Test thoroughly before launching product Building a proper team for project execution Preparation for increasing sales volume Upholding the core business of the company Establish the promotional metrics Accumulate feedbacks after launching the product in the Australian market Resource allocation: G-RO has initiated its new product launching activity with $25000 AUD. The organization has included four major steps for resource allocation. These steps are such as research and development, marketing planning, promotional activities, and hiring new people for enhancing workforce of the business. The following table indicates the estimated value distribution for each section. Purpose Estimated Amount to be Spent ($AUD) Research and development $10000 Marketing planning $5000 Promotional activities $5000 Enhancing workforce $5000 Total Budget Estimated $25000 References Aghdaie, M. H., Zolfani, S. H., Zavadskas, E. K. (2013). Market segment evaluation and selection based on application of fuzzy AHP and COPRAS-G methods.Journal of Business Economics and Management,14(1), 213-233. Cross, J. C., Belich, T. J., Rudelius, W. (2015). How marketing managers use market segmentation: an exploratory study. InProceedings of the 1990 Academy of Marketing Science (AMS) Annual Conference(pp. 531-536). Springer International Publishing. G-RO,S. (2016).G-RO: Revolutionary Carry-On Bag | Story Kickstarter.G-ro.com. Retrieved 5 June 2016, from https://www.g-ro.com/index.php/about-g-ro Numan, W., Willekens, M. (2012). An empirical test of spatial competition in the audit market.Journal of Accounting and Economics,53(1), 450-465. Pries, A. M., Huffman, S. L., Adhikary, I., Upreti, S. R., Dhungel, S., Champeny, M., Zehner, E. (2016). High consumption of commercial food products among children less than 24 months of age and product promotion in Kathmandu Valley, Nepal.Maternal child nutrition,12(S2), 22-37. Shan, J., Jolly, D. R. (2013). Technological innovation capabilities, product strategy, and firm performance: The electronics industry in China.Canadian Journal of Administrative Sciences/Revue Canadienne des Sciences de l'Administration,30(3), 159-172. Slack, N. (2015).Operations strategy. John Wiley Sons, Ltd. Stark, J. (2015).Product lifecycle management(pp. 1-29). Springer International Publishing. Teck Weng, J., Cyril de Run, E. (2013). Consumers' personal values and sales promotion preferences effect on behavioural intention and purchase satisfaction for consumer product.Asia Pacific Journal of Marketing and Logistics,25(1), 70-101.

The Compromises of the Constitution Strengths, or Weaknesses free essay sample

Without these compromises, our country would be running on a basis designed for a different nation, with different priorities and different needs; in order to be successful, a country needs a foundation with the ability to modify so as to accommodate current issues. Though changes made in the past may be controversial (such as the Three-Fifths Compromise, or the Fugitive Slave Clause), amendments are necessary for a functioning government to stay modern and up to date. The United States has become one of the most powerful forces on earth; without the compromises that have been made to the structure of its government, this accomplishment would not have been possible. One of the first compromises made to the United States system of government was the Great Compromise of 1787; an arrangement made between the smaller states and the larger states during the Constitutional convention, it modified the legislative branch so it would contain two houses of representation. We will write a custom essay sample on The Compromises of the Constitution: Strengths, or Weaknesses? or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page The Senate would continue to be an equal representation of each state, whereas the House of Representatives was created for proportional representation. This was an essential step for the nations government; it ensured cooperation between small and large states, and guaranteed just decisions would be made on behalf of both parties. This compromise clearly outlined the legislative structure and how it would operate; an act that undoubtedly strengthened the Constitution, and laid a path for the future of the legislative branch. The Three-Fifths Compromise of 1787, however, was a decision that was far less black and white in terms of its capacity to strengthen the Constitution. Slaveholders could gain more power in terms of representation if slaves were counted as inhabitants, since they did not have the right to vote; this would give them more power in the House of Representatives over free Northern states. Though the agreement was reached that a slave only counted as three-fifths of a person, it still increased Southern states dominance over free states. This compromise shows a skewed image of equality; if a slave can be counted towards representation of the population of a state, why does he or she not hold the same rights as another inhabitant of a state? It is not truly representation if one is not able to participate in who represents them. This aspect of the Three-Fifths Compromise did not add to the effectiveness of the Constitution; however, one could argue that it was very beneficial to the Southern states, and that they deserve representation for all of their inhabitants regardless of if they are a slave or not. Overall, the act of defining a slave as three-fifths of a person added to the view that a black person is not equal to a white person, which in the future years of America did not prove to be anything but a set-back when striving for equality. Another act which was extremely detrimental to the advance of slavery opposition was the Fugitive Slave Clause; it required the return of a runaway slave to its owner, if found by another person. This clause showed that slavery was still an overall accepted and expected part of American society, and the government expected all states to adhere to this law; even Northern states who opposed slavery. This clause did not strengthen the constitution, because it increased the overarching sense of inequality between blacks and whites which was contradictory to the Constitutions statement that all men are created equal. It made it harder for slaves to find their way to freedom, and deepened the groove between Northern and Southern states on their standpoints concerning slavery. Perhaps most disadvantageous to abolishing slavery was the Constitutions lack of use of the word. This proves that slavery wasnt addressed as a real issue, and therefore made it even more difficult to argue against it when the word itself hardly appeared in the document. By sidestepping the problem and leaving the word slavery out of the Constitution, the framers could protect it through other means (such as referring to it as servitude or person held to labour) and make it arder for abolitionists to eradicate the act of slavery from the United States. Article Five of the Constitution is crucial to the progression of the United States; it outlined the steps necessary to change the Constitution. It states that amendments may be proposed by either two-thirds of the House of Representatives and the Senate, or by a national convention. In order to become an amendment, the proposal must be approved by three-fourths of the states, or by conventions in three-fourths of the states. This process made it possible for the Constitution to stay up to date, and applicable to present-day life. As long as amendments can be made to the framework of the government, the Constitution will always be relevant to the modern world. The procedure of ratifying an amendment is also key to the Constitution, because it guarantees that no unjust change will be made; cooperation and agreement among the legislature and the states is mandatory. This Article is fundamental to the Constitution; without it, the original framework of government would not be compatible with our advancing country. The Bill of Rights was assuredly one of the most important adjustments made to the Constitution in the history of the United States; the straightforward establishment of a citizens basic rights created a sense of individual empowerment, and ensured the protection of ones basic human liberties. Amendment IX also assures that simply because a right isnt listed does not mean it doesnt exist; this provides further security. This factual definition of ones rights in the Constitution addressed a citizens power under the federal government, and limits the states authority over an individual. By creating this sense of self-worth and recognition of human rights in ones government, it strengthened the Constitution and made it relatable on a personal level. These amendments put worth on each individuals life and rights, therefore making the Constitution relevant on a day to day basis. Amendments Thirteen, Fourteen and Fifteen strengthened the Constitution because it finally acknowledged and abolished slavery, secured the rights of previous slaves, and deemed it unlawful to prevent a citizen from voting due to their race. This was a major step forward for the United States, and perhaps the greatest change to the framework of government since the ratification of the Bill of Rights. By finally prohibiting slavery, the Constitution no longer contradicted itself through its statement that all men are created equal, and added to its sturdiness. Unfortunately, these three amendments were not enforced by Congress for several years; because of this, in the South many previous slave owners bent the rules, or found their way around them, and continued to prevent blacks from exercising their new rights. The governments lack of enforcing these new amendments casts a shadow on the progress they accomplished; however, these amendments were crucial to the beginning of equal rights for blacks in America. Overall, the amendments of the Constitution of the United States of America strengthened our government and ensured the growth of our nation. Without them, our system of government would not function in accordance to modern society and prove to be useless. They shows how the United States was able to come together as a whole and cooperate towards fixing what didnt work, and forming the supreme law of the land to fit with demands of changing times. Though some of the compromises made throughout the history of this nation were controversial and did not know the meaning of equality, they map the progress of our country and remind us why we have the ability to create amendments.

10 Time Management Strategies That Are The Key to Life Success

10 Time Management Strategies That Are The Key to Life Success Feel stressed? Despite knowing you have the talent and the drive to achieve real success, do you just constantly find yourself on the wrong side of an insurmountable pile of tasks and often feel discouraged? Don’t worry too much. You just need a reboot of your time management skill set and develop better time management strategies. The trick is to organize your tasks and projects in a system that works for you and will work no matter what  stress a random crisis adds. You’ll find your stress level in general comes down considerably if you can find your own time management groove.Make the most of the 24 hours given to you each day with these 10 time management strategies.1. Learn to TriageStep one is to figure out what  your major goals and most pressing projects are, and then to put those at the top of your priorities list. Then rank the rest in order of importance. Start each day by assessing what you have to do and focusing your immediate energy on the most import ant tasks.2.  Make a List, Check It TwiceYou’ll have to focus your energy on big ticket  items first, but you also want to make sure you set up regular time to work on the things that get pushed to the bottom of the list so nothing falls through the cracks. Find a system that works for you that means you get the most pressing things done first, but also regularly cycle all the way through your list.3. Don’t be Afraid to DelegateOnce you have your system in place, there will be a few things that you can put on someone else’s desk. Don’t hesitate to do this. It’s a necessary leadership skill, and it will help you keep focused on the things requiring your unique attention.4. Set Deadlines, Even If They’re FakeYou’d be amazed at how much more you can get done when under deadlines. Make a calendar of when your projects are due to your superiors or coworkers. Then add in some deadlines of your own- just remember to hold yourself to them .5.  Practice the Best De-stressing Method You KnowNo matter how organized you are, stress can derail you if you let it spiral out of control. Find ways to relax and reconnect so physical and mental weariness never keep you off your game. Sleep!6. Pick Your BattlesDon’t obsess over the insignificant or unimportant. Figure out what really requires your energy and effort, and fix that spotlight where it most needs to be.7.  Don’t Stop Once You Find MomentumDo whatever you can to pick up speed in your new system, and then start riding that high. Continue picking up speed as you cross projects off your list. Don’t break your pace!8. Concentrate on  One Thing at a TimeMultitasking isn’t always the answer. You might find you’re most productive when you focus on one thing at a time and get more things done overall.9. Time YourselfIf procrastination is a problem for you, consider working in 25 or 45 minute intervals with regular breaks. That way you know you’re only ever a countdown away from a Facebook break, but you’re also guaranteed to power through some work. This works best if you turn off notifications on your phone. Put it in a drawer during your work intervals!10. Get Started- Now!You’ll never get anywhere in your system if you never set one up. Act now. Start early. And get it done. You’ll be delighted with the results.

Military Brat Essays

Military Brat Essays Military Brat Essay Military Brat Essay The Life of a Military Brat Who really knows what life is like for the children of the military? No one would know, but a child who grew up around the military. These kids are known as military brats, I am not crazy about the name. Military brat sort of entitles military kids as little brats, but we’re not. I myself love being a military brat for many reasons. For one thing I get to meet all kinds of people, from different countries. I learn about People who have different lifestyles and beliefs from me. Most of the people I meet speak a different language from me, but when you the same age. You tend to know what each other likes and dislike. I have really come to learn that no matter what country you are from, you can still like the same things. One of my good friends is from the Dominican republic and we both like the same movies and music. Another thing I enjoy about being a military brat is the discounts and luxuries. The military get all kind of discounts, and luxuries. My family has never stayed in the hotel less than 4 stars. And when I take my dog to the vet instead of paying $90 for a check up we only pay $50. We also got a time from the military which I like because this allows us to go anywhere with out paying hotel bills. The most exciting thing about being a military brat is that I get to travel. Traveling all over the world is fun , although I do have to learn friends and family members behind. I have been to Italy, Greece, Germany, Japan, and Spain, and Spain is the place I remember the most. I was in Spain for 7 years and I loved every minute of it, it was so peaceful there. Before moving to Spain we were originally suppose to go to Hawaii but I am glad we didn’t. Spain was probably the best move my family ever did cause we learned a lot. These are the many reasons whey I like being a military brat. Friends, discounts, and Traveling is pretty much the life of a military brat. There is the bad stuff like leaving your extended family and moving ever year. But fortunately for me the good out weighs the bad.

Debate Against (( Human resources manager are the guardians of ethics Essay

Debate Against (( Human resources manager are the guardians of ethics in business)) - Essay Example In short deontology theory of ethics never asks HRM managers to work for the protection of ethics in business. â€Å"For deontologists, the Right has priority over the Good. If an act is not in accord with the Right, it may not be undertaken, no matter the Good that it might produce† (Alexander, 2007). The above principle cannot by applied in an organizational set up always. In business, maximization of profit through efficient functioning of the organization is the major objective. It is impossible to analyze all the actions through the microscopes of morality in business. For example, there are certain instances in which the HRM managers forced to promote a junior employee over a senior employee because of the superior abilities of the junior employee compared to that of the senior employee. According to the deontological principles, only the senior employee could be promoted even if he might be useless. In that manner an organization cannot work.†Deontologists do not look at how much good might be caused by an action. They look at the action itself, deciding whether it is pro hibited or made obligatory by one of their rules† (Ethical Theory – Deontology, n. d). In other words, the arguments of deontologists are not applicable to the HRM managers. â€Å"Ethical egoism relies on the assumption that following one’s own self-interest will generally provide a maximum of benefit† (Koster, 2007, p.8). â€Å"It is the prescriptive doctrine that all persons ought to act from their own self-interest† (Philosophy 302: Ethics Ethical Egoism, 2009). In an organizational set up, the above principle cannot be applied. In an organization, the HRM manager should work for the interests of the organization rather than their self-interests. The interests of the employees and the interests of the organization may not go in the same direction. The organization always

Personal experience Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words - 3

Personal experience - Essay Example For instance, the fear of public speaking can be handled through practice. This means that if one has a fear of public speaking this problem can be encountered through practicing talking in front of the friends as they listen. After getting used to talk in front of the friend then one can look for a larger congregation like a class of fifty students and address to and through the practice the fear of public speaking may be solved. From the book, the lessons learned about the ambiguity aversion are that it comes from fear of the unknown. This is when someone feels it difficult to express his or her ideas in front of unknown congregation. This fear may be even deeply entrenched than the fear of public speaking. According to Berns 60, it is evident that the ambiguity aversion does not only happen to the human beings but also the other animals have this phenomenon and also experience the same. This fear can also be inhibited because the human beings posses a larger prefrontal cortex than the animals. One of the solutions to ambiguity aversion is to convert it into a risk. The use of Bayesian Updating may be used. Bayesian Updating is a process is a statistical process of using new process to update probability estimates (Bern70). Reappraisal can be commonly applied to view ambiguity as a very big opportunity to get and attain knowledge. If ambiguity is used over several times and repeatedly then it can be quickly changed into a risk. In the community, there has been a big issue on the pollution and many raised campaigns on how to dispose of unwanted material (Wheatley and Frieze 30). Due to this issue of pollution an idea can be got form it and be used in the play to come up with more useful items from the waste material. Via this problem of pollution on the land whereby the land is getting acidified by the chemicals disposed by the community and the industries after why a grant idea can be invented on

American Indian Smithsonian Museum Essay Example for Free

American Indian Smithsonian Museum Essay The second floor of National Museum of the American Indian contains many interesting exhibits that tell stories of American Indians, such as the livelihood of Native Americans in the present time and the culture of American Indians. There are many items that are related to American Indians’ lives in those exhibits. However, the author of this essay is interested in The American Indian which is the name of an oil painting that has been depicted in one of those exhibits, Our Live. This oil painting was painted on linen in 1970 by Fritz Scholder who was the renowned Native American artist of the 20th century. The painting depicts an American Indian man who beautifies his long black hair with a feather and holds a pipe tomahawk in front of the yellow and brown background. Additionally, the man covers the American flag over his body. The Our Live exhibit represents contemporary life and identities of American Indians. According to the website of National Museum of the American Indian, â€Å"The main section of Our Lives centers on various layers of identity. For Native people, identitywho you are, how you dress, what you think, where you fit in, and how you see yourself in the worldhas been shaped by language, place, community membership, social and political consciousness, and customs and beliefs. But Native identity has also been influenced by a legacy of legal policies that have sought to determine who is Indian and who is not. The issue of Native identity continues to resonate today, as Native people across the Americas seek to claim the future on their own terms. In other words, a significant number of Native Americans attempt to remain their identities; their languages, tradition, culture and custom although the English language, new culture and modern life style of modern Americans influence over their lives. As a result, all of the items that are shown in this exhibit express the view of American Indians about protecting or continuing their lives and identities though their society is affected by white people. For example, the oil painting, The American Indian, is not just the painting that is hanging in order to decorate a wall, but there is the hidden meaning behind the picture. The artist’s inspiration came from the relationship between native nations and modern nations which were full of complexities and ironies, confrontation and negotiations. Also, the artist painted the pipe tomahawk in the man’s hand in order to represent the notion that American Indian were not willing to give their land to white people, and they did not want to abandon their identities, so they had to fight for maintaining their land and their culture. The information board beside this painting states â€Å"The pipe tomahawk reminds us that our survivance was not freely given, we have had to defend it. † Moreover, although American Indians attempt to fight for their identities following their culture, they have to behave in modern American ways in order to survive in present society; using English instead of their traditional languages, changing their religions to Christianity, and changing their culture to modern Americans’ culture. Therefore, the artist expresses this feeling in the picture by draping the American flag over the Native American man’s figure. Because of the profound meaning of this oil painting that is able to tell the story and feeling of Native Americans, it is one of the important items that is shown in this museum. This oil painting is related to the story, â€Å"Decolonising the Mind†, in the book One World, Many Cultures. According to the story, the narrator whose name was Ngugi Wa Thiong’o was born in 1938 in Kenya, Africa. He started his story by introducing his language, Gikuyu and a traditional story that was told to teach Kenyan children by using an animal as the main character of a story. However, everything was changed when he went to a school that was a colonial school. In the school, he must use only English though he talked to Kenyan friends who have Gikuya as their own language. If any student disobeyed this rule, they would be given corporal punishment or fined money that they were not able to afford. Also, English literature was taught to all Kenyan students, whereas the oral literature of Kenya was discontinued to educate Kenyan children. Moreover, the narrator stated that if students had distinctions in all subject except English, they were not able to attend any universities and have high-paying job. Additionally, Ngugi said â€Å"the real aim of colonialism was to control people’s wealth: what they produced, how they produced it, and how it was distributed; to control, in other words, the entire realm of the language of real life. In other words, he thought colonialism controlled his country and forced him to abandon his language and culture. Although he had a notion that he resisted changing the language and culture in his country that was controlled by colonialism, he had to behave in the ways that the colonialism commanded because he did not have any choices. In other words, following the rule of colonialism was the only way that he could survive in the society. Similarly, the oil painting, the American Indian, represents modern Americans attempt to transform Native Americans. American Indians did not have any choices as same as the Kenyan people had to change their own identities; tradition, culture and language in order to survive in the obligatory circumstances. After reading the story, â€Å"Decolonising the mind†, and visiting the Our Live exhibit, the narrator of this essay thinks that culture and tradition are used to identify the difference of each country around the world, and also, people in each country are proud of their own culture, tradition and languages. As a result, people do not want others to come to their lands and command them to eliminate their culture and tradition in order to follow the new culture and tradition. This feeling is contained in both the story and the oil painting that the writer describes in this essay. Finally, the author of the essay believes that although colonialism is able to force people to behave in its ways, it cannot completely change people’s minds.

history :: essays research papers

Make a Gift Mission of CWF Information History Restored CW Journal Careers at CWF News Releases One visit to Colonial Williamsburg and it is hard not to stand back and be impressed by what is indeed a thrilling and awesome achievement. Once home to the budding ideas of independence and democracy and a catalyst to revolution, this historic town was literally restored from the ground up. Today it is a living and working town on 173 acres, with over 500 historic buildings. But more than just a snapshot of 18th-century life, Colonial Williamsburg serves as a testament to a time when colonists started down the path toward becoming Americans. The motivating force behind the town's ongoing operation is the Colonial Williamsburg Foundation, a group of dedicated men and women with shared values and a shared mission: To help the future learn from the past... by preserving and restoring 18th-century Williamsburg. by engaging, informing, and inspiring people as they learn about this historic colonial capital, the events that occurred here, and the diverse peoples who helped shape our new nation. To understand the Foundation's goals, you must know Colonial Williamsburg's history: After serving as the capital of Britain's largest and most powerful colony and then as the seat of Virginia's government, Williamsburg saw history's path veer away. When Richmond became Virginia's new capital in 1780, Williamsburg was left a quiet country town with fond but fading memories. Later, the Civil War left scars in Williamsburg, but neither time nor war could extinguish its brilliance. The town stirred excitement in the Reverend Dr. W. A. R. Goodwin when he arrived in 1903 as rector of Bruton Parish Church. On evening walks, he sensed the patriots' unseen presence. "They were glad and gallant ghosts," he wrote, "companions of the silent hour of reverie." Inspired, Dr. Goodwin pursued a dream of restoring his beloved town. In 1926, one man's tireless quest met another's visionary generosity. Philanthropist John D. Rockefeller, Jr., undertook restoration of the colonial capital on a scale never before attempted in American history. Legions of architects, archaeologists, and historians worked with masses of data. The earth yielded old foundations, walls, and cellars. Buried fragments of marble, brick, hardware, and tiles rendered authentic architectural and ornamental clues. When, in 1934, President Franklin D. Roosevelt came to celebrate the completion of the first phase of the restoration, he told the nation, "The atmosphere of a whole glorious chapter in our history has been recaptured.

Gore-Tex Case Study Essay

1) Explain what happened to the Gore-Tex brand after the patent expired. What activity can firms use to try to maintain any advantage developed during the patent protection phase? When a patent expires, generally around 20 years after the original filing; the inventor no longer has the exclusive rights to his or her invention thereby opening up the said patent to everyone to use. At this point other companies can offer comparative products at reduced prices. Gore-Tex was smart to take advantage of their own patent and expand the product line to include other products using the same technology. The company is overall smart by also not just relying on only the Gore-Tex technology but also expand into other areas. 2) List some of the wide range of products where the Gore-Tex fabric has been applied. Some of the wide range of products where the Gore-Tex that has been applied are breathable fabric for coats; advanced the science of regenerating tissues destroyed by disease or traumatic injuries; developed next-generation materials for printed circuit boards and fiber optics; and pioneered new methods to detect and control environmental pollution. On their website they even offer they offer Raincoats, coats, back-packs, shoes, trousers, soft shell jackets, gloves, socks, hunter hats, baseball hat, gaiters, and bike hats all for men, women and kids. 3) It seems that Gore Associates is heavily oriented towards technology; what are some of the dangers of being too heavily focused on technology? Some of the dangers of being too heavily focused on technology are, losing employees to competitors, creating products that can cost your organization to lose money if it is not selling, and the product being created could be too complicated for the targeted audience. When too many projects are going on based on technology the costs can become astronomical and can weigh down the company by tying up resources, both physical and monetary. Sometimes in developing more and more companies will lose sight of the initial goal and/or come up with too many variables and loose the opportunity. 4) Cooperatives and share-ownership schemes provide many attractions and benefits, but there are also limitations; discuss these. The limitations of cooperatives and share-ownership schemes are that, any decrease in performance and fall in value of the shares can cause enormous resentment within the firm as they see the value of their savings decrease. 5) What has been the Gore strategy to achieving success in its markets? How is this strategy now being challenged? The Gore strategy to achieving success in its markets has been its diversity of the product and allowing employees to have opportunities to invest. Being creative in branding also helps the company’s image.

Adolph Hitler’s Leadership Ethics Essay

About 18 months ago, the Council of the Academy of Sciences of South Africa (ASSAf) appointed a Study Panel of eminent scientists to examine and collate the most relevant and reliable evidence on the influences of nutrition on human immunity, particularly in respect of HIV infection and active tuberculosis in South Africa. The decision to focus on this topic was sparked by the prevailing debates and public uncertainty in South Africa regarding the role of nutrition and nutritional supplements such as vitamins and minerals in the management of HIV infection. The Study Panel report released a few weeks ago under the title ‘HIV/AIDS, TB and Nutrition’ observes that South Africa is currently in the throes of three distinct epidemics – malnutrition, HIV infection and TB. The prevalence of each is sufficiently high that the same communities may be affected by all three epidemics in a purely mathematical overlap, but there is also prima facie evidence from observational studies that the three epidemics are in fact often linked in a synergistic relationship in which they mutually reinforce and facilitate one another. The report provides up-to-date and in-depth epidemiological summaries of each. This editorial will however largely concern itself with nutrition and HIV infection. Why nutrition is important for the immune system The body defends itself against microbial invasion by activating its quite complex immune system, and mobilising what the report dubs the ‘flamethrowers’ or respiratory burst whose central role is the intracellular killing of pathogenic organisms by oxidation or ‘burning’. This in turn relies on the availability of energy stored in energy-yielding fuels such as carbohydrates and fats to fuel the ‘respiratory burst’. Largely for this reason, the resting energy expenditure in HIV-infected individuals is increased by at least 10% compared with noninfected persons. This critical chain of complex defensive mechanisms (involving regulatory hormones, neuropeptides, cytokines and neurotransmitters) is obviously undermined if the infected person is not kept supplied with adequate energyladen macronutrients such as carbohydrates and fats. Micronutrients (vitamins and minerals) are equally important as part of the nutritional landscape for the optimal functioning of the immune system. For example, the vitamin B complex – thiamine, riboflavin and niacin – has a critical role in the Krebs cycle via which the required energy is generated. However, oxidants are indiscriminate warriors that will attack and destroy both invader and host cells alike. For this reason, there is a need for ‘fire extinguishers’, and micronutrients fulfil the parallel and important role of serving as antioxidants whose function is to limit and contain the destructive effects of oxidants on the host cells. HIV infection and nutrition HIV infection is associated with weight loss and wasting, both of which are independent contributors to poor clinical outcome. The reasons for the weight loss and wasting are multifactorial, and include the increased resting energy expenditure, food scarcity, and decreased absorption of ingested food due to gastrointestinal disease or viral disruption of the intestinal mucosa. Although a 10% or greater loss of body weight over a year is not uncommon in HIV, there is in fact a high degree of variability in the extent of weight loss and wasting which, not infrequently, is causally associated with secondary infection. Whole-body protein turnover may be as high as 25% in untreated HIV sufferers, leading to cachexia. Also, as already mentioned, resting energy expenditure is increased by 10% in HIV-infected people. It would therefore appear to stand to reason that nutritional intervention in people with HIV infection will improve survival and/or quality of life, but hard evidence to this effect is woefully lacking. Very few randomised, placebo-controlled trials have been conducted in this regard. There is preliminary evidence, however, that specific dietary supplements such as amino acid mixtures increase body weight and reduce HIV viral load. Supplementation with medium-chain triglycerides reduces HIV-associated intestinal dysfunction and fat malabsorption. And ready-to-use therapeutic food improves nutritional status in severely malnourished children. Micronutrients (vitamins and minerals) are essential to immune function, and deficiencies may therefore act as cofactors in HIV transmission and progression. Micronutrient deficiencies are common in HIV-infected people. Multivitamin supplementation has been shown in observational studies to result in a 40 – 48% slower progression to AIDS and a 40 – 60% reduction in the risk of death after 8 years of follow-up. But here again, there is an unhappy lack of sufficiently powered randomised controlled trials to confirm these benefits. The World Health Organization, the Southern African HIV Clinicians Society and the Department of Health have all published guidelines for nutrition in HIV/AIDS that have been collated in the ASSAf report. But the report also identifies gaps in our knowledge regarding HIV and nutrition, and recommends areas and topics that ought to be prioritised for research. Daniel J Ncayiyana Editor ‘HIV/AIDS, TB and Nutrition’ – ASSAf Report SOUTH AFRICAN MEDICAL JOURNAL – FIRST PUBLISHED JANUARY 1884 October 2007, Vol. 97, No. 10 SAMJ 893

How to Keep Your Business From Being Robbed

How to Keep Your Business From Being Robbed If you own a business, particularly one that deals in cash, there is a good chance that one day it may be robbed.  If you are lucky, the robbery will occur after the business is closed and all of your employees have gone home. If not, you, your employees and possibly your customers could be faced with a very dangerous situation. Safe Steps to Protect Your Business There are effective measures that business owners, managers, and employees can take that will protect the assets of the business and make it safer for employees.   Always have two or more employees open and close the business.Install an effective alarm system that is monitored.Use surveillance cameras behind the cash register and facing out to the front of the counter.Also, install surveillance cameras in areas where a person could hide.Keep the outside doors in backrooms locked when not in use.Have lockers or locked desks so employees can lock up any personal valuables, purses, or medications.Do not release personal information  about employees to strangers and shred all past employee records when trashing it.Keep a low cash balance in the cash registers.Make regular bank deposits of excess money or lock it in a safe.Vary the times and the routes used to go to the bank to make deposits.Avoid sending one person to the bank with a deposit.Avoid making deposits late at night.Do not carry the deposit openly in a deposit bag.Avoid hanging signs or putting displays on windows or around the sales counter that will obstruct the view of the register. In areas that are blocked by shelving, walls or other obstructions, hang concave mirrors. Do careful reference checks on employees that are hired.Have policies in place concerning employees friends or relatives hanging around the business.Customers should be greeted when they enter the business and train employees to make eye contact and engage with the customers. An alert staff can quickly deter a would-be robber.Train employees not to take risks, but to call the police if they see suspicious people inside or lurking outside of the business.If employees really suspect that they are about to be robbed, tell them to lock the doors of the business until police arrive.Keep your business well lit both inside and out and focus on areas where someone could hide.Trim trees and bushes so that they do not become hiding places for robbers by blocking light.Become friends with local police officers. Encourage them to stop by your business.If possible, use only one cash register at night. Leave the drawers on the other cash registers opened and tilt the money tray so that it will sho w that it is empty. Do not tempt robbers by balancing the cash register by the cash desk. Take it to a back office to count it.Train employees to be alert when handling money. It is easy to make a one dollar bill look like a twenty dollar bill to an employee that is not paying attention.Do not completely cover the windows of the business by closing blinds are pulling curtains at closing time. Always leave them only partially closed. What to Do If Your Business Is Robbed Always make personal safety the number one priority. Money and merchandise can be replaced. Train employees to comply with the robbers demands and to try to remain calm, move slowly, and communicate only when necessary. If employees are in other areas of the building, let the robber know so that they are not surprised by an employee who may come out of a backroom. When the robber leaves, employees should never follow after them, but instead lock the doors of the business, move to the back of the building and wait for the police to arrive. While they wait they can document what occurred, including the time the robbery took place, what was stolen and a description of the robber. It could be helpful that within a few days of the robbery, the employees who were present come for a meeting so that what happened can be discussed, emotions shared, and suggestions on what can be improved be accessed to help deter being robbed again.

9 People You Need In Your Life Right Now

9 People You Need In Your Life Right Now You want to be great? You’d better start surrounding yourself with great people. ASAP. Whether this is mentors, or pals, or teammates, the idea is the same- great people attract other great people. And, most importantly, they all attract greatness. Make sure your personal network is great so you can be too. Find yourself a few types from this list and you’ll be well on your way:1. The Kind and Loyal FriendDon’t underestimate the selfless person who is always willing to lend a hand when you need one most. This person is going to root for your success, not just their own. And if they see you need something, or they notice your potential, they’ll go out of their way to help you. They’ll also be your constant cheerleader.2. The Strategist/PlannerThis is a great person to have around if you’re not particularly strategy-minded yourself. Find someone who knows you and knows what you want to help you figure out how to get there when you feel like you are floundering around for answers- someone who will give you seasoned advice and help you make a game plan that you’ll actually follow through with.3. The CoachEverybody needs somebody in their corner, particularly someone who will also call you on your crap and push you to do better than you are doing. Someone older and wiser who can help you figure out how to solve problems for yourself in the long run.4. The MentorA mentor is less psychologically important than the coach, but much more instrumentally important. Pick someone with experience and success in the field you want to work in. Learn from them. The better you do, the better they will feel about their mentoring skills. Everybody wins!5. The ChallengerYes men are everywhere. You need people on Team You. But you also need people who remain agnostic about how well you do at any given thing and are willing to tell you the hard truths or force you to confront a problem from a different angle or look at a situation in a different way. Find yourself a devil’s advocate who will scrutinize your ideas and plans honestly, without feeling like they’re going to hurt your feelings.6. The EnergizerFind someone who pumps you up! Whenever you are down or enervated or just plain uninspired, know who to turn to. It could be one person, or a group of people, or everyone in your life. Just find a way to recharge your inspiration batteries on the quick.7. The Real FriendEveryone needs someone they can go to when they don’t have it in them to act or impress or be on their guard. Find someone you can just be real with. Then find more. This can be your partner, or your pals, or your family, or, preferably, all of the above.8. The ConnectorConnectors are exceedingly rare but unbelievably helpful. They long to meet people, root for them and connect them to other people. These are people with a deep network who know someone for any possible need. Find this person and never displease them! They can e asily be the key to your success.9. The OptimistYou really need to know someone like this if you tend to lean toward cynicism or pessimism. Find someone who can help you see the silver lining, even in the direst situations. Think of this person as your moral flashlight out of the dark caves of despair!

Indonesia Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Indonesia - Essay Example Firstly under the influence of Buddism, the residents of present day Indonesia then became Hindus under the influence of Hinduism. Muslim influence got established in the region when they invaded the region in the thirteenth century. A number of residents of the Islands had adopted Islam as their religion by the fifteenth century (infoplease, 2011). The current cities of Indonesia contain buildings that are evidence of the promulgation of Colonial era in the region. The old town in the city of Jakarta, the capital of Indonesia, holds marks of Holland on them. These marks indicate that they are a sign of the Colonial era dating back to the seventeenth century (Citrinot, 2010). The very first years of the seventeenth century thus embarked with the establishment of the Dutch as the rulers of the region. The province of Wast Timor, however, continued to remain under the control of Portugal till the middle of the seventeenth century. The Dutch Colonial rule existed for a little over three hundred years. This rule over the mineral rich Islands of Indonesia resulted to be extremely fruitful for the rulers. The Dutch â€Å"Netherlands East Indies† became renowned as the richest colonial possessions of the world. They could, however, not do much for the modernization of the land under their possession. (State, 2011) The initiation of the twentieth century embarked the emergence of the Indonesian Independence Movement. This movement was led by young individuals some of whom had got their initial educations from Netherlands only. This movement flourished in the years between the two world wars. The Second World War showed the invasion of the country by the Japanese. They were harsh opponents of the Western Allies. The people of Indonesia were not comfortable with their colonial rulers and therefore no uprising emerged against the Japanese upon

Jazz and the influence it had on the 1920's Research Paper

Jazz and the influence it had on the 1920's - Research Paper Example Jazz originated in the 20th century in the communities of the African American in the South America. It is an amalgamation of African and European music (Kirchner, Bill 2005). Jazz is a piece of music which is difficult to define and there have been many attempts to define jazz by the help of other musical pieces. One solution to this is to define jazz more broadly and hence, Berendit defines jazz as one form of art which originated in the America through the confrontation of blacks with European music. He further argues that jazz has a special relationship to time, which is defined as 'swing’ (E, Joachim and Berendit.1981). The 1920’s is commonly referred to as the jazz age but was also an age of contradiction because there was prosperity on one hand and isolation on the other hand. As already mentioned, Jazz is a term which is difficult to define but yet there are many definitions of it. J A Rogers defines it as â€Å"A joyous revolt from convention, custom, authorit y, boredom, even sorrow from everything that would confine the soul of man and hinder its riding free on the air† (Rogers, J.A 1925).... New Orleans was the birthplace of jazz and Chicago and the Midwest were the home of recorded jazz until the late 1920s (Phillips, Damon J and Owen, David A. 2004). Jazz has always been a utilitarian music that is it is intended mostly for dancing. King Oliver’s jazz band, one of the excellent jazz bands’ recorded 40 title in the year 1923. The Jean Goldkette orchestra of 1927 which featured Cornetist Bix Beiderbecke was relegated to recording a mostly dreary group of pop songs. The great jazz numbers arranged by Bill Challis were unreleased by Victor Records which considered them commercially unacceptable. The period from 1929 to 1940 is when most of the jazz standards were originated. During this era, there were many great and excellent song writers who contributed for Broadway shows, for example, George Gershwin, Cole Porter, Richard Rodgers and Lorentz hart, Irving Berlin and Walter Dinaldson. Most of the historians agree that jazz began just prior to the turn of the twentieth century, and the most likely birthplace of this great piece of music was the city of New Orleans. The city of New Orleans is on the Mississippi River, the major waterway from the southern to northern United States which made it a conduit for music of all types, especially ragtime from Missouri and the blues from Mississippi. A person could hear a brass band playing ragtime, string trios playing popular ballads, the street musicians singing the blues and early jazz bands playing all of these things. The first Blues number, which was written as a popular song was the ‘Dallas Blues’. Tunes with the word Blues became very popular from then onwards. The decade of the 1920s was marked by huge advances in the

Consumer behavior about the target-based internet market in China Literature review

Consumer behavior about the target-based internet market in China - Literature review Example Aside from this, data shall be collected through the use of survey questionnaires developed by the researcher based on the literature reviewed. In addition, 100 respondents will likewise participate, selecting the same through the use of purposive sampling. To better understand the said research methodologies, this chapter shall be divided into the following sections to discuss each topic presented; these are: (1) Introduction, (2) Research Design, (3) Research Approach, (4) Data Collection, (5) Sampling, (6) Data Analysis and (7) Summary. In each of the said sections, various studies shall be cited, taking into consideration the fact that the same have made use of similar methodologies. Research Design In general, the main research design of this study follows the quantitative design. Hopkins (2000) defines the quantitative approach to research as that which focuses on the determination of the relationship between one independent variable and an independent variable. It is usually e ither descriptive or experimental, based on the different goals that the study aims to attain (Hopkins 2000; Creswell 2009). Aside from the abovementioned, various researchers have mentioned the importance of the quantitative research design in finalizing results as well as in proving and disproving various hypotheses. The researcher deems it necessary to make use of the quantitative design in order to help in the determination of the general perceptions of the consumers with respect to target-based internet marketing. Taking the abovementioned advantages in consideration, the researcher believes that it is through the use of the quantitative method that the former will be able to determine the relationship between the features of target-based internet marketing and the behaviors of the consumers with respect to the same. Hamid (2008) conducted a study in relation to the behavior of the customer’s behavior towards internet technology and internet marketing tools. In this stud y, the quantitative approach to research was used in order to prove or disprove five hypotheses. Aside from Hamid (2008), Shaver (2007) also made use of the quantitative approach to research in order to investigate twenty-six variables related to demographics in his study entitled â€Å"The Impact of the Internet on Consumer Information Search Behavior in the United States†. Research Approach This section has been devoted by the researcher to discuss the research approach that shall be employed in this study. It was previously mentioned that this research takes the descriptive approach in order to complement its quantitative design. Hopkins (2000) mentioned that there are two types of a quantitative research: experimental and descriptive. The experimental method is generally characterized by three elements: (1) Manipulation, (2) Control and (3) Randomization. These three elements signify that the researcher control the situation of the research so as to obtain the data needed (Hopkins 2000; â€Å"Ways of Approaching Research: Quantitative Design n.d.). On other hand, the descriptive approach is more concerned with regard to gaining information with respect to the characteristics of the different aspects of the study. According to the article entitled â€Å"Ways of Approaching Research: Quantitative Designs† (n.d.), the descriptive study is used in order to achieve the following: (1) the development of a theory, (2) identify various problems associated with practice, (3) justify

Political Psychology Essay Example for Free

Political Psychology Essay Rape victims, survivors of plane crashes, combat veterans, and others who have experienced extremely traumatic events may react emotionally with a posttraumatic stress disorder. This reaction is characterized by involuntary reexperiencing of the traumatic events, especially the original feelings of shock, horror, and fear, in dreams or flashbacks. In addition, victims experience an emotional numbing in relation to everyday events, associated with feelings of alienation from other people. Finally, the emotional pain of this reaction can result in an increase of various symptoms, such as sleep problems, guilt about surviving, difficulty in concentrating, and an exaggerated startle response (Calkins, 1996). The Situation: 9/11   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   A more recent example was the 9/11 incident. The safety and protection that was a seal of American social order was devastated by the 9/11 aftermath. The American people who have gone through the bereavement of either of their parents, brothers, sisters, next of kin, or friends may well be putting up now with overpowering anguish. They will want all the emotional assistance they can obtain and they will need an extended recovery period. Life will never look the same again for any oblivious or sentient American people, but the young people who have upheld personal fatalities may need considerable support from qualified, compassionate specialists (Skene, 2001).   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The world is not in the slightest peaceful, but at present, there is no security issue taking center stage and the situation in the 9/11 assault is no exception. The 9/11 event had impressed upon America a greater sense of threat at the advent of the new millennium. The 9/11 terrorist attacks incited terror, fury, grief, revulsion, fear, empathy, bewilderment, melancholy, retribution sundry reactions in a nation that was everlastingly changed. To translate the mixed reaction of a private individual in a more politically relevant sense, it is wise to recall how then Senator Edward Livingston could be more important at these times with his words in a debate on the Alien and Sedition Acts: â€Å"†¦we are absurd enough to call ourselves free and enlightened while we advocate principles that would have disgraced the age of Gothic barbarity† (Skene, 2001).   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   They may well not entirely come to terms with the intangible theories thrashed out by counselors or on the television newscast but are prone to be directed in their thoughts by a distinct discernment of validity. They may have dealings with a diversity of sentiments and impressions, and their articulation may subsume mimicking or self-deleterious actions as a way of dealing with their retaliation, fury, and despondency. A number of children at this phase may demonstrate a reluctance to speak of their sentiments and thoughts (Dunn, 2001). The Psychology of Situation: Posttraumatic Stress Disorder   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The emotional responses of posttraumatic stress can occur immediately following the disaster in an acute form and subside over a period of several months or can persist, becoming a chronic syndrome often called the residual stress pattern. In other cases, people may show no immediate reaction but may experience a full-blown posttraumatic stress disorder after a delay of months or even years. Clinicians are still discovering veterans of World War II and the Korean War who are displaying residual or delayed posttraumatic stress disorders (Hinkle, 2004).   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   This delayed posttraumatic stress syndrome has been a special problem in the case of Vietnam veterans. The problems of many seemed to be made worse by feelings that they had been rejected by an unsympathetic American public and that they had been betrayed by their government and had spent important years of their lives in a wasted effort (Bornstein, 1994). In a study of Vietnam veterans with combat experience, called the â€Å"Forgotten Warrior Project,† John Wilson, a psychologist at Cleveland State University found that (Kagan, 2004): Their suicide rate was 23 to 33 percent higher than the national average. Of those who had been married when they left the United States, 38 percent were divorced within six months after returning. The rate of hospitalization for alcoholism or drinking problems was high and increasing. About half of them still had some emotional problems related to adjustment of civilian life. Brian Seaward is one of the authors that delved into the realm of stress and its health consequences. Seaward notes that aside from the special life events that may be experienced by almost everyone, the most appreciable part of the list is the concept of change.   This implies that change may be in tandem with stress as being a natural part of modern-day living.   That change is the ultimate source of stress.   â€Å"Change becomes a powerful stressor agent because it necessitates adaptation whether it is perceived as a negative or positive experience† (Calkins, 1996). The important features of posttraumatic stress disorder, according to Seaward, are cognition and stress.   Stress affects cognition as anxiety intrudes on one’s consciousness as demonstrated by his unstoppable pangs of emotion, excessive preoccupation with the threatening situation or person, startling reactions, and other unwanted sensations.   It may also impair memory and attention during cognitive tasks.   It may also enhance attention, principally regarding memories of the stressor but repetitive thoughts can perpetuate stress and make it chronic (Calkins, 1996). Seaward also enumerates the emotional signs of health hassle, which are among others, anxiety, irritability, increased aggression, lack of enthusiasm, depression, alienation, and low self-esteem. Indecision, impaired judgments, lack of concentration, lapses in memory, and absentmindedness are some cases of mental drawbacks caused by health troubles. Seaward also shows that there are individuals who are more prone to health troubles than others.   As a result, the ability to cope with poor health is not the same with everyone. For instance, effective coping with stress depends upon how people go about their day-to-day lives. Lifestyle is a key factor in determining the likelihood of an improved posttraumatic stress disorder (Calkins, 1996). Posttraumatic stress disorder is usually coupled with feelings of sadness, discouragement, and dissatisfaction and usually occurs with other symptoms, such as feelings of worthlessness or guilt, decreased energy, and suicidal thoughts. Just as one can have the flu and bladder infection at the same time, it is quite possible, especially in the milder forms of bipolar disorder, to be both abnormally depressed and anxious at the same time (Dunn, 2001). Survivors of extremely traumatic experiences such as 9/11 are sometimes left with special anxiety problems. Some act as if they have been by the shock of their ordeal. Their interest in life is diminished, and they feel alienated from the people around them. Others develop a tendency to remain constantly on the alert, as if disaster is sure to strike again at any moment. They tend also to startle easily. People who have lived through auto crashes may panic at the sound if cars in the night. Those who have endured a mugging or rape may respond with a start whenever they hear strange sounds, and some former prisoners o war and hostages report similar reactions whenever they hear approaching footsteps (Skene, 2001). Survivors of psychological trauma are likely also to keep reliving their experience. They suffer from nightmares in which the shattering episode is reenacted in all its terrifying detail, and by day they find themselves suddenly overwhelmed by harrowing memories whenever they are exposed to situations that even remotely resemble the original event (Garcà ­a, 2005). There is evidence also that mood disorders are related to disturbances in the brain, to such an extent that the symptoms sometimes appear without any provocation. Neither the depressed individual nor the close family and friends can point to any unusually stressful event that might have caused a depression (Dunn, 2001). The Responsive Behavior of the Young and the Old Posttraumatic stress reactions can occur at any age.   Some people get over the traumatic experience of 9/11 soon enough, but others are troubled by symptoms for years on end. A number of elderly concentration camp survivors broke down completely decades after their ordeal was over when they had to be hospitalized for medical reasons. The experience was sufficiently similar to imprisonment to reopen fully the old psychological wounds (Garcà ­a, 2005). Children endure with bereavement a lot in the vein of adults, but with still not as much of discernment (Garcà ­a, 2005). When taking children in hand, it is imperative to recognize that they almost certainly discern more than what parents grant them credit for. Despite the fact that parents inherently desire to safeguard their children from pain, even the youngest kid understands that something is dreadfully wrong and yearns to grasp why the every adult distraught and in tears. This protective attitude merely serves to deprive the child of a chance to learn more about grief management and coping skills, which are indispensable throughout a person’s life, especially when he or she continues live in the absence of any parent who is supposed to shield them from deep sorrow since it is the parent or any close relative who has passed away (Garcà ­a, 2005). It is essential to acknowledge that every child is inimitable in his or her comprehension of the entire process of death. This discernment hinge on their developmental phase, intellectual skills, teachings by parents, teachers, and significant others, personality attributes, imagery in the media, spiritual convictions, and prior incidents of death induced by 9/11 (Hinkle, 2004). Nevertheless, there are a number of consequential factors that will be useful in comprehending how young people live through and cope with death and its aftermath (Dunn, 2001). Coping strategy of an individual’s behavioral and psychological efforts to buffer or minimize environmental and internal demands of posttraumatic stress disorder. Coping means that the person is â€Å"taking charge of his or her own life and is seeking the resources needed to solve current problems† (Garcà ­a, 2005). Seaward furthers that although the coping strategies used by individuals are often distinct, coping temperaments are to a large extent acquired from the social environment. The manner in which people attempt to resolve stressful situations, the cognitive strategies that they use to downsize threat, and the techniques for handling tensions are largely gained from the groups to which they belong.   A person tries to contain the threat and beat stress in two ways, namely focusing on the problem and on the emotions (Bornstein, 1994).   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Other grown-ups are overly wrapped up in their anguish to make an effort to comprehend how the firsthand witnesses of the 9/11 attacks fathom. Other people usually misconstrue the bystander’s demonstration of sentiments, characteristically hold themselves responsible for their fellowmen’s lamentation or rage. Therefore, even though it is likely for the entire people to express their sorrow in the presence of the world, it is essential to impart an elucidation to the terrorist that they can face the future more stalwartly. Discovering how to communicate their anguish, resentment, and apprehension will help Americans to contend with comparable disasters if truly inevitable in the future (Skene, 2001). Conclusion   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   No question about it; the 9/11 incident was the commencement of enlarged hostilities and vigilance as well. The imagery being broadcast was far too excruciating to behold. Mass terrorism is not a regular crime; it is an enormously terrible crime. Tens of thousands, more or less, are the terrorists’ target to inflict fatality or fear upon, and they are more than determined to rule the world. With continued weak will, no wonder how more people would struggle to stay untreated with posttraumatic stress disorder (Skene, 2001). Attitudes toward those with posttraumatic stress disorder have improved over time. Today, individuals with PTSD are fortunate enough to be treated in hospitals and clinics instead of being out away in prisons or asylums. But they are still far from universally accepted either within the family or community. How they are viewed by others can be critical. It can help determine whether they will recover sufficiently to function in society, or to continue to be overwhelmed by their symptoms and even get worse (Calkins, 1996). For a person with posttraumatic stress disorder, there is no clear-cut organic problem, no violation of basic social norms, and no loss of orientation to reality, but the individual shows a lifelong pattern of self-defeating and inadequate coping strategies aimed more at reducing anxiety than at solving life problems. By mental aberrations or psychological scars, the PTSD patient proves to others that he or she is impotent in the face of a threatening world (Dunn, 2001). Our growing understanding of posttraumatic stress disorder does more than enable society to reclaim its familiar stranger. In making sense of posttraumatic stress disorder, we are forced to come to grips with basic conceptions of normality, reality, and social values. And mind loosed from its stable moorings does not just go on its solitary way; it bumps into other minds, sometimes changing their stability (Kagan, 2004). Many PSTD patients are privately treated at home, while others have learned to conceal their disturbances and not act crazy in public. Still others act out their mental problems in ways that society does not judge as mentally disordered; perhaps joining the hate groups, or engaging in socially acceptable forms of violence. Just as unemployment statistics do not include all those who are chronically unemployed and have stopped looking for work, so, too, statistics on posttraumatic stress disorder omit those who suffer in silence, living a marginal existence on the fringes of society (Hinkle, 2004). Indeed, victims of posttraumatic stress disorder caused by 9/11 are usually beset by extremely difficult psychological and social problems. They are likely to be financially strapped, not only because the therapy can be expensive, but also it interferes with productive work. They tend to be outcasts from both the family and society at large. Often the only persons willing to give them serious attention are their fellow PTSD patients, which do not really help as negativity enlarges (Bornstein, 1994). Under such depressive, circumstance, they need considerable help to break free from prejudiced society and get a fresh start in life. References Calkins, Mary Whiton. (1996). An Introduction to Psychology. The Macmillan Company. Bornstein, Marc H. (1994). Psychology and Its Allied Disciplines. Lawrence Erlbaum Associates. Dunn, Edgar S. (2001). Abnormal Psychology. Resources for the Future. Garcà ­a, Cynthia. (2005). â€Å"Developmental Psychology.† Merrill-Palmer Quarterly. Hinkle, Gisela J. (2004). The Development of Modern Sociology: Its Nature and Growth in the United States. Random House. Kagan, Jerome. (2004). â€Å"The Limitations of Concepts in Developmental Psychology.† Developmental Psychology. Skene, Neil. (2001). â€Å"Sacrificing Freedoms in the Name of Saving Them.† Atlanta: Creative Loafing.

There are no Truly Victimless Crimes Essay -- essays research papers

A man chooses to take cocaine. He understands the risks he is taking, and he believes that taking the cocaine is worth the risk. Should he be allowed to take the drug? Or should the government force him to abstain from it, in his own interest? He is not hurting anyone but himself, so why should there be a law against it? This debate has raged since the beginning of civilization. J. S. Mill, in his Essay on Liberty, takes the position that is commonly accepted: the government should not interfere with matters that do not involve more than one person. These matters are often called "victimless crimes." Mill - along with the majority of people in today's world - claims that if a person commits a crime against his or herself, such as harming the body by taking certain drugs or suicide, the person should not be prosecuted. The argument is that no other person is affected. All involved parties consent to the arrangement, so they should be responsible for whatever happens. A few com mon victimless crimes are prostitution, taking harmful drugs, and suicide. These are perceived as having no negative effect on anyone but the people who agreed to accept the negative effects. In reality, all victimless crimes cause problems for other members of society. J. S. Mill did not understand that "victimless" crimes do not actually exist. Prostitution is one of the most debated of the victimless crimes, because the US has been "slow" in adopting it legally. Only ten Nevadian counties out of the entirety of the 50 United States have passed laws that legalize prostitution, while in Holland prostitution is a recognized occupation. Holland even has a union for prostitutes. It is argued by proponents of legalized prostitution that the business is ... ... cases, this can go so far as to cause suicide by a survivor, repeating the cycle. Besides those negative psychological effects, survivors of suicide usually experience some need to place blame. This can either be manifested in anger towards the suicidal person, to a third party that may have the blame placed on him, or on the survivor himself. It is very common for a survivor to feel self-loathing and to entertain the idea that there was something that could have been done to save the lost loved one. Suicide is not a victimless crime. These are only three of the "victimless crimes" that have been postulated by people such as J. S. Mill. While he may have had strong urges for social liberty, he never understood the fact that there is no such thing as a victimless crime. All crimes have a victim, and no amount of philosophy or political theory can change that.

Deceptive Commercial Speech and Advertising

Deceptive Commercial Speech and Advertising According to the commercial speech doctrine, only deceptive speech that is considered commercial may be regulated. General deceptive speech is not commercial, may not be regulated. When deciding what may and may not be regulated, it is important to understand the subtle differences in what is considered commercial and non commercial speech. An analyzation of false advertising would give further understanding to the notion of commercial speech and how it may be degenerative to a society when untruthful. Commercial Speech According to the Supreme Court, the definition of commercial speech is a â€Å"combination of a core notion surrounded by a penumbral boundary defined on the basis of three characteristics† (Howard, 1991). This â€Å"core notion† of commercial speech is â€Å"speech which does ‘no more than propose a commercial transaction’† [1] Beyond this notion exists a body of commercial speech identified in the Bolger v. Youngs Drug Prods. Corp. 1983 case by whether the speech is as an advertisement, whether the speech refers to a specific product, or whether the speaker is economically motivated. 2] Although individually these characteristics are insufficient to establish speech as commercial, the combination of all three offers a strong argument for describing commercial speech. Advertising The Merriam-Webster dictionary lists an advertisement as something that is shown of presented to the public to help sell a product or to make an announcement. In short adve rtising may be described as a public notice published in the press or broadcast over the air. Many societies receive a bulk of their daily information from advertisements selling physical products, attempting to sway opinions, and introducing new ideas. The increase in media technology has opened a doorway to deliver a constant stream of information including advertisements that may be biased or altogether misleading. Current social network sites allow users to â€Å"like† or â€Å"check-in† to retailers and offer their own perception of goods and services. These social networks allow for the â€Å"word of mouth† method of advertising to increase in effectiveness due to the widespread availability of technology. Development Commercial speech is typically given limited First Amendment protections; however, there exists two types of commercial speech that are exempt from any protection whatsoever. Advertising that is false, misleading, or deceptive is given no protection by the government. Advertising that show cases unlawful goods or services will also receive zero protection from the government (Pember & Calvert, 2011). Doctrine The Commercial Speech Doctrine was developed to outline which protected commercial speech may be regulated. While little to no rights are granted to misleading ads or unlawful goods and services, protected commercial speech may also be subject to regulation if: there is substantial state interest to justify regulation, there is evidence that the regulation directly advances this interest, or there is reasonable fit between the state interest and the government regulation (Pember & Calvert, 2011). Before a state decides to regulate commercial speech that has presumed protection under the First Amendment, that state must assert a reasonable cause for wanting to regulate the speech. For example: a billboard that is blocking the view of drivers on the street nearby would be reasonable cause for regulating that speech. The state must next prove that this regulation of speech has directly effected the interest at which it was aimed. For example: the removal of the billboard must show a decrease in traffic violations in the area. Finally, the state must show that the regulation of commercial speech has been narrowly tailored to fit a specific interest. For example: the regulation involving the removal of a billboard must be specific to that particular billboard. Following these guidelines allows for a state to regulate commercial speech that is not misleading or unlawful in goods or services. Fraud, Falsity, and Misleadingness In 1981, J. Edward Russo, Barbara L. Metcalf, and Debra Stephens identified three approaches to unjust advertising. Each view parallels the three components of advertising communication. â€Å"Fraud focuses on the advertiser and assumes a deliberate intent to create false beliefs about the product. Falsity in advertising refers to the existence of a claim-fact discrepancy. Misleadingness focuses exclusively on consumer beliefs† (Russo, Metcalf, & Stephens, 1981). Advertisers who display low ethics and advertise deliberate misinformation are guilty of fraud; however, it remains an impractical approach. Proving a â€Å"deliberate intent† to mislead through an advertisement is difficult and may be irrelevant to the harm caused to consumers. Although, major industry regulator, the National Advertising Division (NAD) of the Better Business Bureau, does not generally require proof of fraud to remove an ad from publication, this does not apply in all situations (Russo, Metcalf, & Stephens, 1981). Falsity in advertising occurs when a claim is made that is not documented with fact. For example: a company advertises that a product with fly, but the product does not fly. Falsity is easily verified by proving that a discrepancy exists between advertisement and reality. Insufficiency of falsity occurs when an ad generates a consumer belief of falsity, even though one has not been directly stated. Misleadingness, the third view, focuses entirely on what consumers believe. â€Å"A demonstration of misleadingness requires the observation of false consumer beliefs in conjunction with exposure to the ad† (Russo, Metcalf, & Stephens, 1981). If an ad is believed to be in violation of this, it must prove that there is a direct relation between the release of the ad and change in societal belief. The Federal Trade Commission refocused its approach to misleadingness by focusing little on the actual message and more on the resulting consumer beliefs. References 1. Virginia State Bd. of Pharmacy v. Virginia Citizens Consumer Council, Inc. , 425 U. S. 748, 762 (1976) (quoting Pittsburgh Press Co. v. Pittsburgh Comm'n on Human Relations, 413 U. S. 376, 385 (1973)). Bolger v. Youngs Drug Prods. Corp. 463 U. S. 60, 66-67 (1983). Howard, A. (1991). The constitutionality of deceptive speech regulations: Replacing the commercial speech doctrine. Case Western Reserve Law Review, 41(4), 1093. Retrieved from EBSCOhost. Merriam-Webster Online Dictionary:http://www. merriam-webster. com/dictionary/advertisements Pember, D. R. , and Calvert, C. (2011). Mass media law. 17th ed. Boston, MA: McGraw-Hill. Russo, J. , Metcalf, B. L. , & Stephe ns, D. (1981). Identifying Misleading Advertising. Journal of Consumer Research, 8(2), 119-131. Retrieved from EBSCOhost.